Perl string manipulation with examples

  Perl offers many easier ways to manipulate string, which is yet powerful with RegEx. In this post, the various functions available in Perl for string manipulation is explained with examples. 

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Perl Regular expression - Perl RegEx with examples

   A regular expression or RegEx is a string of characters that define the pattern or patterns you are viewing. The syntax of regular expressions in Perl is very similar to what you will find within other regular expression, supporting programs, such as sed, grep, and awk. 

   In this post, Perl regex is illustrated with examples.

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Glitch Free Clock Gating - verilog good clock gating

   Clock gating is a popular technique used in many synchronous circuits for reducing dynamic power dissipation. This saves power by adding more logic to a circuit to the clock by disabling clock switching, so that the flip-flops in them do not have to switch states. As a result, the switching power consumption goes to zero, and only leakage currents are incurred.

   Clock gating logic can be added into a design in a variety of ways:

1. Coded into the RTL code as enable conditions that can be automatically translated into clock gating logic by synthesis tools.
   
2. Inserted into the design manually by the RTL designers (typically as module level clock gating) by instantiating library specific ICG (Integrated Clock Gating) cells to gate the clocks of specific modules or registers.
   
3. Semi-automatically inserted into the RTL by automated clock gating tools. These tools either insert ICG cells into the RTL, or add enable conditions into the RTL code. These typically also offer sequential clock gating optimisations.

   Poor clock gating produces glitches in the output clock, making unwanted clock transitions which may lead to timing violations,etc., and increased power consumption.

   Here is an Verilog example illustrating the RTL code for clock gating & its issues.

The below code produces simple clock gating mechanism with an 2-input AND gate, with inputs as CLK & CLK_EN. But the greatest disadvantage is that it produces glitches in output as in the below waveform.

//BAD clock gating, can cause glitches in output
 assign clk_out1 = c_en && clk;

To overcome the glitches, a latching needs to be added to change the enable only when CLK is high/low. By this way, glitches are avoided & produces a good clock for the rest of the block. 

//GOOD clock gating & glitch free
 always @ (c_en or clk) begin
     if (!clk)
        en_out2 = c_en; // build latch
 end
 assign clk_out2 = en_out2 && clk;

Circuit synthesized for the above codes:

Verilog RTL - Clock gating- circuit :: ELecDude

Waveform for the above code:

Click here for better view of waveform.

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